Les langages d'un site web
Les serveurs du web sont des ordinateurs très puissants qui ont pour mission de servir les « clients ». Par client, on entend tous les utilisateurs du web qui se connectent depuis leur ordinateur, tablette ou smartphone.
Pour que cela fonctionne, des langages informatiques sont utilisés pour communiquer. Ainsi, un site web moderne nécessite trois types de langages : les langages client, un langage serveur et un langage de requête.
Le langage client donne des informations de présentation, alors que le langage serveur indique comment le site Web doit se comporter. L’ensemble s’appuie sur une base de données pour stocker les informations. Le langage SQL permet d’envoyer des requêtes à la base de données.
Les langages clients
Les langages clients correspondent aux langages nécessaires pour afficher une page web sur un écran d’ordinateur.
Ainsi, les trois langages clients d’un site moderne sont : le HTML5, le CSS3 et Javascript. Le HTML5 détermine la structure de la page, le CSS3 sa mise en forme et le Javascript l’interactivité. Ces langages sont incontournables et obligatoires pour l’affichage d’une page Web.
C’est le rôle des navigateurs Web de lire ces langages codés. Le navigateur Web sert ainsi d’interface entre le serveur et l’ordinateur de l’internaute.
Les langages serveurs
Les langages de programmation sont exécutés côté serveur, car un ordinateur n’est pas capable de les lire. Le rôle du serveur est donc de traduire et de restituer ce code afin qu’il soit lisible par un ordinateur.
Il existe de très nombreux langages serveurs, d’ailleurs quasi n’importe quel langage de programmation peut être utilisé (Python, Java, Ruby, PHP, C#…). Sachez cependant que WordPress utilise le langage PHP.
Chaque langage serveur peut être associé à un framework afin de faciliter le codage. En effet, un framework est une sorte de boîte à outils liée à un langage de programmation. Les frameworks les plus connus sont, par exemple, Symfony2 et Zend pour le PHP.
Les langages bruts sont en quelque sorte la matière première et les Frameworks les outils. Ces outils ont été développés par des programmeurs pour notamment des développeurs de sites web. L’utilisation des frameworks nécessite des connaissances de codage.
Un CMS (Content Management System) comme WordPress est un site préfabriqué qui peut être manipulé sans connaissance de programmation. Cependant, seule la connaissance des langages clients et d’un langage serveur permettent de maîtriser réellement un site Web, même conçu en WordPress.
Principaux langages et frameworks dédiés
Quelques exemples d'utilisation
Il n’y a pas un langage serveur meilleur qu’un autre, mais tous ces langages se rencontrent :
- Google utilise Java et Python
- Facebook et Wikipedia utilisent le PHP
- Les starts-up de la Silicon Valley utilisent de préférence Ruby et Python
- Microsoft utilise ASP.NET
- Les banques et l’industrie utilise le plus souvent Java
Cependant, le langage PHP est de plus en plus dominant comme le montre les dernières statistiques. Ainsi, la Fabrique du net a rassemblé des informations en 2015, qui indique que plus de 80% des sites Web utilisent le langage PHP. Cet article renseigne aussi que près de 60% des sites au monde utilisent WordPress.
Le langage de requête SQL
Les bases de données
Dans un système dynamique, une base de données stocke toutes les informations du site Web et les restitue, au cas par cas, à la demande des internautes. Les informations stockées sont de tous types : contenus textuels, images, vidéos, adresses…
Encore une fois, les bases de données disponibles sont très nombreuses. De la plus simple, SQLite limitée à une page, à Oracle la plus élaborée. Microsoft possède sa base de données propre, en l’occurence SQL Server, tandis que WordPress utilise la base de données MySQL.
Le langage SQL
Les informations de ces bases de données ne sont pas utilisable directement, mais à l’aide d’un langage spécifique. Il s’agit du langage de requête SQL (Structured Query Language). Ce langage est commun à l’ensemble des bases de données précitées et de leur moteur.
Trois types de requêtes sont possibles :
- l’enregistrement d’une nouvelle donnée
- la sélection d’une donnée préalablement enregistrée
- la mise à jour d’une donnée préalablement enregistrée
Alors, un site Web, comment ça marche?
Un ordinateur n’est pas capable de lire le langage de programmation, car il ne lit que le langage client. Or, pour un site moderne, le langage serveur est très utile pour personnaliser les pages Web et définir leur comportement. C’est pourquoi le passage par un serveur est indispensable pour traduire le langage de programmation en langage client.
Ainsi, lorsqu’une page Web est demandée par un internaute, la demande part vers le serveur. Le serveur traite la page et la renvoie vers l’internaute dans un langage lisible et avec des informations personnalisées.
On parle de pages Web dynamiques en opposition aux pages Web statiques des sites Web du début.
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